arXiv:2508.18503v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Unlike conventional imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, which are often well described by a linear regression framework, coherent imaging systems follow a significantly more complex model. In these systems, the task is to estimate the unknown image ${\boldsymbol x}_o \in \mathbb{R}^n$ from observations ${\boldsymbol y}_1, \ldots, {\boldsymbol y}_L \in \mathbb{R}^m$ of the form $ {\boldsymbol y}_l = A_l X_o {\boldsymbol w}_l + {\boldsymbol z}_l, l = 1, \ldots, L,$ where $X_o = \mathrm{diag}({\boldsymbol x}_o)$ is an $n \times n$ diagonal matrix, ${\boldsymbol w}_1,\ldots, {\boldsymbol w}_L \stackrel{\text{i.i.d.}}{\sim} \mathcal{N}(0,I_n)$ represent speckle noise, and ${\boldsymbol z}_1, \ldots, {\boldsymbol z}_L \stackrel{\text{i.i.d.}}{\sim} \mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_z^2 I_m)$ denote additive noise. The matrices $A_1, \ldots, A_L \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$ are known forward operators determined by the imaging system. Here, $m$ can be less than $n$, which makes the linear model ill conditioned, and we collect $L$ measurements of the whole setup and try to quantify the loss. The fundamental limits of conventional imaging systems have been extensively studied through sparse linear regression models. However, the limits of coherent imaging systems remain largely unexplored. The goal of this paper is to close this gap by showing, for the first time in the literature, that the minimax risk of estimating ${\boldsymbol x}_o$ scales as $\frac{\max\{\sigma_z^4,\, m^2,\, n^2\}\, k \log n}{m^2 n L},$ where the parameter $k$ quantifies the effective complexity of the image class.