arXiv:2610.21815v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We give an exact critical-path characterization of the makespan of micro-batch pipelines serving LLMs on heterogeneous GPU clusters, quantifying how the classic homogeneous GPipe formula errs. In the pure-forward, communication-free, infinite-buffer setting, T(M) = (M-1)tau_max + Sum_j tau_j, where tau_j is stage j's per-micro-batch service time and M the micro-batch count (Theorem 1). Under asynchronous communication -- modern NCCL-based serving -- it extends to T(M) = Sum_j tau_j + Sum_j d_j + (M-1)tau_max, with Sum_j d_j a purely additive constant (Theorem 2); under blocking communication, T(M) = (M-1)sigma_max + Sum_s sigma_s with sigma_s = tau_s + d_s, so communication enters the steady-state slope iff some d_s > tau_max - tau_s (Theorem 3). These results quantify the GPipe overestimate, decompose the bias into a homogeneity term Sum_j (tau_max - tau_j) and a communication-ignoring term Sum_j d_j, and imply that balancing per-stage compute dominates communication reduction for steady-state throughput. A real system with partial overlap is sandwiched between Theorems 2 and 3, with a closed-form bound on the overlap throughput gain. All claims are validated pointwise (error < 10^-9) on eleven configurations and a 1.6x10^5-point fuzz, including a mixed RTX 5090/3090/GTX 1070 partition. We situate the results in flow-shop scheduling and list open extensions: bandwidth-limited communication, bounded buffers, prefill-decode interleaving.