arXiv:2604.24210v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: With the shift towards decentralized energy generation, the increasing complexity of power systems renders physics-based modeling challenging. At the same time the growing amount of available measurement data opens the door for obtaining data-driven models. A modern method to do so are neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs), offering a framework for continuous-time system identification. Recent extensions, so called graph NODEs impose a structural inductive bias that has the potential to improve generalization of the learned representations. In this work, we employ and extend them to develop message-passing graph NODEs (MPG-NODEs) for identification of coupled systems with heterogeneous node dynamics and heterogeneous edge couplings. This includes state-of-the-art machine learning architectures to infer latent representations of unmeasured states, local node and edge embeddings to account for heterogeneity as well as an autoregressive scheme to allow for piecewise constant control inputs. We apply MPG-NODEs to identify voltage and frequency dynamics of power systems and compare them to a monolithic NODE under identical measurement assumptions. Our case study indicates that while achieving similar performance, our proposed MPG-NODEs are more flexible with transfer learning options that allow to add or remove edges and nodes with little retraining.