Interaction Forces and Internal Loads in Parallel Manipulators with Actuation Redundancy

arXiv:2604.27095v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: This paper discusses null-space wrench components in parallel manipulators. We examine the adaptation of the two most common characterizations of these components in grasp-like systems, namely, interaction forces and internal loads, to parallel manipulators with actuation redundancy. We identify critical oversights in the existing literature on the subject, resolve ambiguities related to the definitions of interaction forces and internal loads, and provide explicit methods for synthesizing equilibrating and manipulating joint torque vectors. A case study is also provided to justify the validity of our novel methods and correct erroneous results reported in the literature.