arXiv:2601.14984v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: This paper studies the design of observer gains to enhance the detectability of stealthy bias injection attacks (BIAs) in linear systems driven by Gaussian noise, where adversaries compromise a subset of sensors and exploit system dynamics and noise to remain stealthy. We formulate the observer-gain design as a max-min optimization problem that enhances the detectability of the least detectable BIAs, with detectability measured by the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) subject to a prescribed attack impact. To reduce the computational complexity of the derived non-convex design problem, we consider attack onset, one-step, and steady-state detectability. We show that the Kalman filter is optimal at attack onset regardless of the subset of attacked sensors. For the one-step and steady-state cases, the observer gain design problems are approximated by bi-convex optimization problems, which can be efficiently solved using alternating optimization (AO) and alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Moreover, more tractable linear matrix inequality (LMI) relaxations are developed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed stealth-aware detection framework is demonstrated through an application to a thermal system.