Unsupervised Learning for Scalable Downlink Power Control in Cell-Free Massive MIMO

arXiv:2605.26301v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: In cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output systems, downlink power control is essential to ensure uniformly high service quality across users. Existing solutions range from computationally demanding centralized optimization to scalable distributed schemes with limited fairness. This letter proposes an unsupervised, physics-informed framework that directly optimizes max-min fairness without optimal labels or user position information. The method scales with the number of UEs, requires no retraining when the number of UEs changes, and admits a fully scalable extension. Numerical results show that it nearly doubles the worst-user spectral efficiency over existing scalable schemes.